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Protocol for PCR in steps:

1. aspirate the sample or DNA using a microcentrifuge and transfer the DNA to a PCR tube
2. add the required primers and incubate for the required time
3. amplify the DNA using PCR
4. analyse the results

write a protocol for PCR in steps

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This image will accompany the article describing a protocol for measuring the trace amounts of 3R and 4R Tau isoforms. The assay involves immunoprecipitation followed by PCR.

write a protocol for a immuno-PCR assay to measure the trace amounts of 3R and 4R Tau isoforms in steps

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A protocol for detecting 3R and 4R via immune-PCR from human serum is shown.

write a protocol using human serum to detect 3R and 4R via immune-PCR in steps

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A protocol for using human serum in a sandwich ELISA to detect phosphorylated threonine 181 is shown. The phosphorylated threonine 181 is a marker for neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease.

write a protocol for using human serum in a sandwich ELISA to detect phosphorylated threonine 181 in steps

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Method for drawing blood in steps to be used for ELISA.

write a method for drawing blood in steps to be used for ELISA in steps

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Design an experiment where exosomes change histone modification of stem cell in steps

design an experiment where exosomes change histone modification of stem cell in steps

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$Design an experiment to obtain aged exosomes from a mouse in steps. To investigate whether repeated application of a specific exosome-purifying agent alters the quality and quantity of aged exosomes, mouse exosomes will be isolated, fractionated, and then analyzed for 27 endogenous messenger RNA markers.$ design an experiment of how you will obtain aged exosomes from a mouse in steps

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to distinguish the effects of cell age on exosomes released from aged cells.

Aged cells release exosomes that can alter the epigenetic landscape of stem cells. Using CHIP-sequencing, researchers will distinguish the effects of cell age on exosomes released from aged cells.

design an experiment with the hypothesis exosomes released from aged cells can alter the epigenetic landscape of stem cells through modifications of histone proteins. Use CHIP-sequencing

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This image accompanies the article, "How to Grow Muscle from Stem Cells" which explains how you can grow stem cells and differentiate them into a muscle lineage in steps from a mouse.

describe how you would grow stem cells under culture conditions and differentiate it into a muscle lineage in steps from a mouse

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You hypothesise that EV cargo from aged cells can play a role in changing the epigenetic landscape of stem cells. Outline an experimental design that would enable you to explore the influence of EVs on histone modifications using ChIP-seq. You will measure histone modifications at the DNA level in stem cells treated with EVs from aged cells. You hypothesise that the changes in histone modifications will be associated with changes in stem cell behaviour. You will interpret the data in

You hypothesise that EV cargo from aged cells can play a role in changing the epigenetic landscape of stem cells. Outline an experimental design that would enable you to explore the influence of EVs on histone modifications using ChIP-seq. Include a hypothesis, rationale, methodology, what you will quantify and why, and how will you interpret the data in 700 words

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or less.

You hypothesise that EV cargo from aged cells can play a role in changing the epigenetic landscape of stem cells. Outline an experimental design that allows you to explore the influence of EVs on non-coding RNAs. In the experiment, you will take stem cells that have been exposed to EVs from old cells, and measure the impact of this exposure on the expression of specific non-coding RNAs. You will use this data to test your hypothesis that EV cargo from old cells can change the epigenet

You hypothesise that EV cargo from aged cells can play a role in changing the epigenetic landscape of stem cells. Outline an experimental design that allows you to explore the influence of EVs on non-coding RNAs. Include a hypothesis, rationale, methodology, what you will quantify and why, and how will you interpret the data in 700 words

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or less.

In a recent study published in the journal 'Stem Cells', researchers speculate that EVs derived from aged cells may play a role in shifting the epigenetic landscape of stem cells. In order to explore this hypothesis, the researchers will experimentally alter the epigenetic landscape of stem cells by exposing them to EVs derived from aged cells. They will then measure the impact of this modification on the stem cells' ability to differentiate into specific cell types. If their hypothes

You hypothesise that EV cargo from aged cells can play a role in changing the epigenetic landscape of stem cells. Outline an experimental design that allows you to explore the influence of EVs on Genomic Imprinting. Include a hypothesis, rationale, methodology, what you will quantify and why, and how will you interpret the data in 700 words

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or less.

You hypothesize that EV cargo from aged cells can play a role in changing the epigenetic landscape of stem cells. To explore this hypothesis, you will create an experimental design in which you will directly measure the influence of EVs on histone modification in stem cells. You will measure the levels of histone H3 lysine 9 (H3K9me3) in the cells and compare them to the levels of H3K9me3 in stem cells that have been treated with EV cargo from aged cells. Based on these data, you will

You hypothesise that EV cargo from aged cells can play a role in changing the epigenetic landscape of stem cells. Outline an experimental design that allows you to explore the influence of EVs on Histone modification. Include a hypothesis, rationale, methodology, what you will quantify and why, and how will you interpret the data in 700 words

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or less.

You hypothesise that EVs from aged cells can play a role in changing the epigenetic landscape of stem cells. Outline an experimental design that allows you to explore the influence of EVs on DNA methylation. Include a hypothesis, rationale, methodology, what you will quantify and why, and how will you interpret the data in 700 words or less.

You hypothesise that EV cargo from aged cells can play a role in changing the epigenetic landscape of stem cells. Outline an experimental design that allows you to explore the influence of EVs on DNA methylation. Include a hypothesis, rationale, methodology, what you will quantify and why, and how will you interpret the data in 700 words

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One study investigates how EVs from aged cells might influence epigenetic marks in stem cells. Specifically, the study looks to see if EVs from different age groups can change the epigenetic landscape. The study will use a mouse model to explore this impact. The investigators will look at a variety of epigenetic marks, including DNA methylation and histone modifications. They will use a variety of techniques to measure the impact of EVs on these marks. Ultimately, they hope to find ev

You hypothesise that EV cargo from aged cells can play a role in changing the epigenetic landscape of stem cells. Outline an experimental design that allows you to explore the influence of EVs on your chosen epigenetic mark. Include hypothesis, methodology, what you will quantify, how you will interpret the data in 800 words

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The image accompanying this article will depict a microscope image of a stem cell undergoing differentiation. The cells in the image are labelled with an epigenetic mark that changes during differentiation. One class of cells in the image is labelled with EVs, while the other cells are not. The experiment you will conduct is designed to explore the influence of EVs on the epigenetic mark. You will quantify the amount of epigenetic change in the cells labelled with EVs and compare it t

You hypothesise that EV cargo from aged cells can play a role in changing the epigenetic landscape of stem cells. Outline an experimental design that would enable you to explore the influence of EVs on your chosen epigenetic mark. Include a hypothesis, methodology, what you will quantify, and how will you interpret the data in 800 words

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You hypothesise that EV cargo from aged cells can play a role in changing the epigenetic landscape of stem cells. To explore this, you would design an experimental design in which you transfect cells with a gene that increases EV production, and then measure the epigenetic changes in the cells.

You hypothesise that EV cargo from aged cells can play a role in changing the epigenetic landscape of stem cells. Outline an experimental design that would enable you to explore the influence of EVs on your chosen epigenetic mark.

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Extracellular vesicles are heterogeneous range of lipid-bound particles secreted by cells. EVs can be grouped into two main types based on their composition: exosomes and microvesicles. Exosomes are composed of larger vesicles that carry proteins and other large molecules, while microvesicles are composed of smaller vesicles that carryminor molecules.

“Extracellular vesicles” ( or “EVs”) are heterogeneous range of lipid bound particles secreted by cells. Provide a short description of EVs including a definition for the two main types of EVs.

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Changes in DNA methylation occur during development and can have significant impacts on gene expression.

Define FIVE key changes in genome-wide DNA methylation that occur during development.

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Methylation and demethylation of cytosines in DNA play a critical role in the control of gene expression.

Describe the molecular processes by which cytosines within the DNA molecule can undergo methylation and demethylation in somatic cells.

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Macrophages are members of the innate immune system. With age, the immune system becomes less effective. Macrophages can no longer engulf and destroy foreign invaders, and they may become infected themselves.

Macrophages are members of the innate immune system. Ageing impacts the immune system. Describe the changes that occur to the innate immune system with age.

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Macrophages play an important role in the initial phase of muscle regeneration by assisting in the breakdown of necrotic tissue and the activation of an inflammatory response. By doing so, they help to speed up the healing process.

The initial cellular response to muscle injury includes necrosis of damaged tissue and activation of an inflammatory response. Describe the role of macrophages in the initial phase of muscle regeneration.

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This image will illustrate the differentiation of satellite cells into myocytes and myofibres following activation. Satellite cells are a mix of satellite stem cells (~10%) and committed satellite cells (~90%), and undergo differentiation into myocytes and myofibres following activation.

Quiescent satellite cells are a mix of satellite stem cells (~10%) and committed satellite cells (~90%). Describe the steps by which committed satellite cells enable the generation of myocytes and regeneration of myofibres following activation.

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Skeletal muscle has remarkable regenerative capacity following injury. This tissue is composed of cells that can regenerate and grow new muscle tissue.

Skeletal muscle has remarkable regenerative capacity following injury. Provide a short description of the composition of this tissue.

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A single cell RNA-sequencing image is a picture of a single cell, with all of its RNA molecules outlined. The image will show how much different types of RNA are present in the cell, and how the RNA is distributed across the cell.

discuss what single cell RNA-sequencing is. Include what controls are used, what you will quantify and why and how you will interpret the data

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A student is proposing an experiment to functionally test if a compound they found can influence the SASP. They hypothesize that the compound can increase SASP, and they rationale is that the increased SASP could be a result of increased神经信号耦合度. The methodology is to measure the SASP in rats after administration of the compound and compare the results to controls. The student will also investigate whether the increase in SASP is due to an increase in神经信号耦合度, or some other factor. The data will

Propose an experiment to functionally test if a compound you found can influence the SASP. Include a hypothesis, rationale, methodology, what will you quantify and why, and how you will interpret the data.

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This image accompanies the article, "Propose an experiment to functionally test if a compound you found can influence the activity of SASP." A scientist is looking at a vial of a unknown compound, with a microscope in front of it. In the background is a lab table with various chemicals and a beaker filled with a clear liquid.

propose an experiment to functionally test if a compound you found can influence the activity of SASP

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In this image, a stem cell is seen undergoing self-renewal and differentiation, due to the presence of a BMP signalling pathway. This pathway is crucial for regulating stem cell behaviour, and is thus essential for their survival.

Detail LGR5+ stem cell and how BMP signalling regulates stem cell self-renewal and/or differentiation, citing relevant experimental evidence that was used to characterise the niche.

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In this image, scientists can see how LGR5+ stem cells use BMP signalling to regulate their self-renewal and/or differentiation. By doing so, they can help keep the stem cells healthy and able to function properly.

how does LGR5+ Stem cell niche use BMP signalling to regulate its self-renewal and/or differentiation, referencing experiments for relevant experimental evidence in 500 words

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This image shows a person's face with light applied to the forehead and cheekbones in order to measure expressions of key differentiation markers.

What techniques could you use to check for expression of key differentiation markers?

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This image will accompany an article about the use of expression markers to identify key differentiation points in a tissue or cell sample. The image will show a tissue section stained with a particular expression marker in order to identify key points of differentiation. Complementary information would include other expression markers that might be used to further identify the different cell types present in the sample.

What techniques could you use to check for expression of key differentiation markers? What complementary information would they provide?

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A image of a microscope with several test tubes containing cells can be seen accompanying this article. Some of the test tubes have different colors indicating that the cells have different levels of differentiation.

what tests or experiments can be used to test for cancer stem cell differentiation

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Cancer stem cells display a number of characteristics that distinguish them from other cells in the body. These cells are able to grow and divide rapidly, and they are resistant to many forms of treatment. An experiment that could be used to test for cancer stem cells is to try to kill them using a specific type of radiation.

what characteristics and properties do cancer stem cells display and what experiment could be used to test for this

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A flow cytometry image of cancer stem cells is displayed. The image shows that the majority of the cells in the image are CD44+/CD24+/ESA+, indicating that these cells are likely cancer stem cells.

For a fictional human tissue, it is hypothesised that cancer stem cells have the following expression pattern of cell surface markers (CD44+/CD24+/ESA+). Flow cytometry was used to isolate this population of cells. explain how to determine what percentage of the total cell population are the putative cancer stem cells. Also, briefly describe two controls that should have been included in the experimental design in 400 words

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This image is of a histogram of the percentage of cells that were CD44+, CD24+, and ESA+.

For a fictional human tissue, it is hypothesised that cancer stem cells have the following expression pattern of cell surface markers (CD44+/CD24+/ESA+). Flow cytometry was used to isolate this population of cells. explain how to determine what percentage of the total cell population are the putative cancer stem cells. Also, briefly describe two controls that should have been included in the experimental design.

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The title and reference for this image is "The role of BMP signalling in regulating the niche of LGR5+ crypt stem cell is further demonstrated by experiments showing that BMP signals are required to maintain the expression of the canonical Wnt ligands."

What is the title and reference of The role of BMP signalling in regulating the niche of LGR5+ crypt stem cell is further demonstrated by experiments showing that BMP signals are required to maintain the expression of the canonical Wnt ligands. LGR5+ crypt stem cells require canonical Wnt signalling for the maintenance of their niche, and BMP signalling was shown to regulate the expression of Wnt ligands, including Wnt3a, Wnt9b and Wnt16, by repressing their expression in a SMAD-dependent manner.

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The experiment used a loss of function strategy to show that BMP2 and BMP4 also promote differentiation of LGR5+ stem cells. The result was an increase in the expression of the differentiation markers Keratin 8 and 19.

what is the title and reference of the experiment that used a loss of function strategy that showed that BMP2 and BMP4 also promote differentiation of LGR5+ stem cells, as evidenced by an increase in the expression of the differentiation markers Keratin 8 and 19.

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This image accompanies the article "Who's experiment uses a loss of function strategy that showed that BMP2 and BMP4 also promote differentiation of LGR5+ stem cells, as evidenced by an increase in the expression of the differentiation markers Keratin 8 and 19?" In the image, you can see cells that have been differentiated due to the presence of BMP2 and BMP4.

who's experiment uses a loss of function strategy that showed that BMP2 and BMP4 also promote differentiation of LGR5+ stem cells, as evidenced by an increase in the expression of the differentiation markers Keratin 8 and 19?

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LGR5+ crypt stem cells niche in the presence of BMP signalling and self-renewal is regulated by the niche. This niche consists of a growth factor-free microenvironment that restricts the stem Cells from undergoing differentiation, and encourages them to proliferate. The niche is essential for the maintenance of crypt stem cells in tissues. Research has shown that BMP signalling regulates the niche by inducing the secretion of HGF.

Describe how LGR5+ crypt stem cells niche and how BMP signalling regulates its self-renewal and/or differentiation, citing relevant experimental evidence in detail that was used to characterise the niche in 500 words

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Stem cells in the niche of the gastrointestinal epithelium regulate their self-renewal and/or differentiation by responding to signals from the outside environment. One signal that regulates stem cell behaviour is bone morphogenetic protein (BMP). When BMP is activated, it can promote self-renewal of stem cells in the niche by activating transcription factors such as activin A and transforming growth factor β (TGF-β). Conversely, BMP can also suppress self-renewal by inhibiting transc

Detail LGR5+ crypt stem cells niche and how BMP signalling regulates its self-renewal and/or differentiation, citing relevant experimental evidence that was used to characterise the niche in 500 words

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or less.

The adult stem cell niche regulates stem cell self-renewal and/or differentiation via the BMP signalling pathway. This niche is found in the spinal cord, where BMP signalling controls the differentiation of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells. Experimental evidence has shown that BMP signalling is necessary for oligodendrocyte differentiation and that the absence of BMP signalling results in oligodendrocyte radiation injuries.

Detail one adult stem cell niche where BMP signalling regulates stem cell self-renewal and/or differentiation, citing relevant experimental evidence that was used to characterise the niche in 500 words

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The BMP signaling pathway regulates stem cell self-renewal and/or differentiation in the adult niche by activating the Smoothened receptor, which in turn promotes the transcription of downstream genes involved in stem cell maintenance or differentiation.

Briefly describe the BMP signaling pathway. Detail one adult stem cell niche where BMP signalling regulates stem cell self-renewal and/or differentiation, citing relevant experimental evidence that was used to characterise the niche

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1. How do cartilage and bone tissues integrate?
2. How do you control the integration of cartilage and bone tissues?
3. What are the benefits of integrating cartilage and bone tissues?

Address three challenges of how you would integrate cartilage and bone tissues into a single tissue engineering model in bullet points

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Cell-based bone tissue engineering has not shown to be an effective therapy for bone regeneration. As a result, alternative material-based technologies such as scaffold-based tissue engineering could be used in place of cell-based tissue engineering. Scaffold-based tissue engineering uses a temporary or artificial scaffold to promote the regeneration of bone. The scaffold can be made from various materials, including highly biocompatible polymers, titanium, and stainless steel. The sc

Using cell-based approaches, tissue engineering of bone has been suggested as an alternative for autologous bone grafts. Explain why cell-based bone tissue engineering has not shown to be an effective therapy and describe an alternative material-based technology that could be used instead in 260 words

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Cell-based approaches to tissue engineering of bone have not shown to be an effective therapy, while material-based technology could be used in place of autologous bone grafts. Alternative materials, such as 3D printing, could be used to create more accurate and durable bone tissue engineering constructs.

Using cell-based approaches, tissue engineering of bone has been suggested as an alternative for autologous bone grafts. Explain why cell-based bone tissue engineering has not shown to be an effective therapy and describe an alternative material-based technology that could be used instead in 250 words

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Autologous grafts are the gold standard for bone repair and regeneration because they are the only type of graft that can be used to regenerate damaged or diseased tissue. However, autologous grafts have five major drawbacks: they are expensive, time-consuming, require surgical expertise, can be painful, and may not work for certain types of injuries.

Explain why autologous bone grafts are the gold standard for bone repair and regeneration and name five drawbacks in 250 words

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A futuristic image of a heart being repaired with stem cells is seen on the front page of a magazine. The article tells the story of a man who had a heart attack, and how he was able to receive stem cells directly from a donor through a minimally invasive procedure. The stem cells were able to heal his heart, and he is now free from the risks associated with traditional heart surgery.

Advantages of this technology include the ability to avoid surgery and the potential for faster and more effe

Give one example of a technology that has been applied to the delivery of stem cells for cardiac repair and describe three advantages and three drawbacks of this approach. Explain your answer in less than 250 words.

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A heart covered in scar tissue. This is what can happen when a person suffers a heart attack. If you're lucky, your doctor may be able to help you by using stem cells to heal the heart damage. Stem cells can be harvested from your own body or from tissue you donate. They can be used to repair any part of the body, including the heart.

The three advantages of stem cell therapy for cardiac repair are that it is safe, it is effective, and it is minimally invasive. The three drawbacks are that it

Give one example of a technology that has been applied to the delivery of stem cells for cardiac repair in tissue engineering and describe three advantages and three drawbacks of this approach. Explain your answer in less than 250 words.

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A researcher holds a heart that has been successfully repaired with stem cells, in this June 22, 2019, file photo.

cardiac repair:

Stem cells are a promising technology for cardiac repair. They can be used to replace damaged heart tissue, and have several advantages over other methods, such as regenerating a completely new heart. One advantage is that stem cells can be introduced into the heart directly, without having to go through the body's natural healing process. Another is that they

Give one example of a technology in tissue engineering that has been applied to the delivery of stem cells for cardiac repair and describe three advantages and three drawbacks of this approach. Explain your answer in less than 250 words.

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A heart being repaired with stem cells being delivered through a biodegradable tube. The advantage of this approach is that the stem cells are not constrained by initial vessel size. The three drawbacks are that the stem cells require sufficient oxygen and nutrients, the tube can be difficult to implant, and the cells can only be delivered to a small area at a time.

Give one example of a technology in tissue engineering that has been applied to the delivery of stem cells for cardiac repair and describe three advantages and three drawbacks of this approach. Explain your answer in less than 250 words

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A three-dimensional printing technology has been used to fabricate scaffolds that can be used to deliver stem cells to the heart for cardiac repair. The scaffolds are made from a combination of biodegradable materials and biocompatible polymers, which allows for the cells to be slowly released and absorbed into the body over time. There are several advantages to this approach, including the ability to create customized scaffolds that can fit each individual patient, the ability to quickly and

Give one example of a technology that has been applied to the delivery of stem cells for cardiac repair and describe three advantages and three drawbacks of this approach. Explain your answer in less than 250 words

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The image accompanying this article will show a researcher testing a cell-based therapeutic solution on a cartilage sample. This solution is intended to help engineer cartilage, a tissue that has been damaged in many people. The researcher is testing the solution on the cartilage sample to see if it helps improve the quality of the tissue.

Evaluate 5 cell-based therapeutic solution to engineer cartilage using research from the last two years

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A study published in the journal "PLoS One" in 2018 offers a way to engineer cartilage with two cell-based therapeutic solutions.

Evaluate 2 cell-based therapeutic solution to engineer cartilage using research from the last two years

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One challenge of tissue engineering is integrating cartilage and bone tissues into a single tissue model. Another challenge is creating scaffolds that can support multiple cell types and grow sufficiently robustly to be used in clinical trials. The final challenge is developing an algorithm to predict how different cell types will interact in vitro.

Address three challenges of how you would integrate cartilage and bone tissues into a single tissue engineering model in 250 words

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A step-by-step approach to design a vascularised cancer spheroid in vitro model is illustrated.

Propose a step-by-step approach to design a vascularised cancer spheroid in vitro model.

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A vascularised cancer spheroid model can be designed using a step-by-step approach. First, a template can be created from a cancerous tissue sample. Then, the template can be sliced into thin sections and arranged into a sphere. Finally, the sphere can be filled with tissue culture media and incubated. This model can be used to study the growth and spread of cancer cells.

Propose a step-by-step approach to design a vascularised cancer spheroid in vitro model. Illustrate your answer where possible.

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Microfabrication techniques can be used to create organ-on-a-chip systems. These systems are made up of several hundred or more individual microchips that can be customized to carry out specific functions. The two microfabrication techniques that can be used to create these systems are lithography and etching.

Lithography is the process of creating images on a surface by using light to write patterns onto the surface. Etching is the process of removing material by using a chemical. B

(a) Describe two microfabrication techniques that can be applied to the generation of organ-on-a-chip systems and describe their advantages and limitations of the model. Use bullet points to explain your answers in 250 words

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-Microfabrication techniques can be used to create organ-on-a-chip systems.
- microfabrication techniques have advantages and limitations.
-Organ-on-a-chip systems can have a variety of advantages over traditional medical devices.

Describe two microfabrication techniques that can be applied to the generation of organ-on-a-chip systems and describe their advantages and limitations of the model. Use bullet points to explain your answers

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Cell-based bone tissue engineering has not shown to be an effective therapy due to lack of consistency among samples and poor implant survival rates. An alternative material-based therapy could be using 3D printing to create personalized bone scaffolds that can be implanted into the body to help repair or regenerate bone tissue.

Using cell-based approaches, tissue engineering of bone has been suggested as an alternative for autologous bone grafts. Explain why cell-based bone tissue engineering has not shown to be an effective therapy and describe an alternative material-based technology that could be used instead

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of autologous bone grafts

Autologous bone grafts (amalgamated bone allografts) are the gold standard for bone repair and regeneration. However, there are five major drawbacks of autologous bone grafts:

1. They are not always successful in repairing or regenerating a damaged bone.

2. They can be expensive and may not be available on a permanent basis.

3. They can have a higher risk of infection and may not last as long as other types of bone grafts.

4. They may not be compatible with certai

Explain why autologous bone grafts are the gold standard for bone repair and regeneration and name five drawbacks

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A clinical image showing a heart with a repaired infarction (heart attack) with a left ventricular assist device. The infarction has been treated with stem cells and the left ventricular assist device keeps the heart functioning properly.

Give one example of a technology that has been applied to the delivery of stem cells for cardiac repair and describe three advantages and three drawbacks of this approach.

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1. Tissue engineering is required to create a patch that can adequately mend cardiac tissue.
2. The patch must be biodegradable and able to adhere to the heart's surface.
3. The patch must be able to withstand the pressure and heat of the heart.
4. The patch must be capable of regenerating cardiac tissue.
5. The patch must be safe and effective.

Describe five challenges associated with the design and use of stem cell patches for cardiac repair.

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Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are proposed to promote vascularisation upon implantation in vivo. MSCs can secrete growth factors and attract immune cells that promote angiogenesis. Additionally, MSCs can produce collagen, which can reinforce the vasculature after implantation.

Describe the mechanisms via which mesenchymal stem cells are proposed to promote vascularisation upon implantation in vivo

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Integrating cartilage and bone tissues into a single tissue engineering model is a challenge. These tissues have different properties, such as strength and flexibility, which must be balanced when constructing a model. Additionally, cartilage and bone cells must be able to communicate with one another to create a cohesive tissue.

Address three challenges of how you would integrate cartilage and bone tissues into a single tissue engineering model

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The use of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stromal cells in cartilage engineering has several disadvantages. These cells can be expensive and difficult to obtain, and they can be difficult to grow in large numbers. Additionally, they may not be effective in repairing damaged cartilage.

what are the disadvantages of using human umbilical cord mesenchymal stromal cells in cartilage engineering

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Two cell-based therapeutic solutions are being developed to engineer cartilage. One uses a three-dimensional scaffold derived from human cells and the other uses a rat cell-based platform.

Evaluate one cell-based therapeutic solution to engineer cartilage using research from the last two years.

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State-of-the-art technologies that have been developed from 2018 to 2020 for cartilage repair include:
- Mesenchymal stem cell therapy
- Platelet-rich plasma therapy
- Extracellular matrix protein injection

Give examples of three state-of-the-art technologies that have been developed from 2018 to 2020 for cartilage repair and could be used to improve the performance of the tissue engineering product.

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1. A device to replace the side of a femur that has been treated with a total knee replacement or a hip replacement
2. A product to help fix a broken bone that has not healed after surgery
3. A product that is used to help improve the function of the spine
4. A product to help reconstruct a joint after it has been damaged in an accident or by age
5. A product to help improve the appearance of skin after surgery

Give five examples of orthopaedic tissue engineered products that have been developed commercially.

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In vitro methods are used to stimulate cartilage tissue formation with bioactive scaffolds. The scaffolds can contain different cells and proteins that help to promote the growth of cartilage cells.

Describe the in vitro methods used to stimulate cartilage tissue formation with bioactive scaffolds.

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Ask AI Answers

Propose a step-by-step approach to design a vascularised cancer spheroid in vitro model.

on or less. Two microfabrication techniques used to create organ-on-a-chip systems are lithography and etching. Lithography is a process that uses light to create patterns on a photosensitive material.

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