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Question: Alicia is a 6-year-old girl in Grade 1 in a public Primary School near Pinetown. Her parents are originally from Mozambique, her mother fled from Mozambique due to the physical abuse from Alicia’s father and came to South Africa last year in search of a better life for her children. Alicia lives in an informal settlement with her mother and 2 younger brothers. Her mother hand weaves mats and sells them by the roadside, Alicia helps her after school and during weekends. She has not found work yet and use the little money she gets from selling mats to support her children. Alicia speaks Swahili and Portuguese at home and does not understand any of the South African languages. The school that Alicia attends uses IsiZulu as a language of instruction and she does not understand the teacher due to the language barrier. Alicia’s birth card indicate that she was born with Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) a condition that results from alcohol exposure during the mother’s pregnancy. Her teacher tries her best to accommodate her by relying on demonstrations when instructing her to do tasks, it is however, still difficult for Alicia to comprehend and her teacher suspects that Alicia’s academic challenges are not only a result of the language barrier. She seems to lack concentration in class and appears to be in a world of her own. She also struggles to interact and engage with other learners in her class. Her teacher has noted that she is usually tired in the mornings and lacks energy, her energy levels seem to improve after break when she has eaten a meal provided by the school. Her teacher called her mother for a meeting to address Alicia’s academic challenges, her mother came to school intoxicated and communication between her and Alicia’s teacher was difficult. She did demonstrate that the teacher must hit Alicia if she gives her any trouble. Despite Alicia’s academic challenges her teacher has noted that she is very artistic and enjoys drawing, singing, and dancing. Using the biopsychosocial model formulate a table and identity the biological, psychological and the social/ environmental factors that apply to Alicia's case. Please include in-text citation APA 7th referencing style
The biopsychosocial model is an interdisciplinary approach that looks at the interconnection between biology, psychology, and socio-environmental factors. Here's a table to apply this approach to Alicia's circumstances. | Category | Factors | |-------------|-----------| | Biological | 1. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: This is a biological condition Alicia was born with and it affects her physical health as well as her cognitive abilities (Riley et al., 2011). 2. Tiredness and low energy levels: This could be due to poor nutrition or insufficient sleep. | | Psychological | 1. Difficulty in Comprehending: Alicia’s academic struggles, including understanding instructions are not solely due to language barrier but could also be a result of FAS leading to cognitive impairments (Riley et al., 2011). 2. Lack of Concentration: Alicia seems to be mentally absent most times which could be a psychological effect of her condition. 3. Artistic Inclinations: Alicia shows strong affinities for drawing, singing, and dancing. This could signify a promising outlet for her to express herself.| | Social/Environmental | 1. Language Barrier: Alicia's inability to understand IsiZulu, the language of instruction at her school, puts her at a great disadvantage (Nomlomo, 2012). 2. Socioeconomic status: Living in an informal settlement and witnessing her mother struggle economically could affect Alicia's mental and emotional wellbeing. 3. Parental Abuse: The physical punishment advised by her intoxicated mother demonstrates potential domestic concerns. References: Riley, E. P., Infante, M. A., & Warren, K. R. (2011). Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: An overview. Neuropsychology Review, 21(2), 73-80. Nomlomo, V. (2012). Mother tongue instruction in Lubukusu in lower primary school grades in Kenya: Policy practice and challenges. Current Issues in Language Planning, 13(1), 57-73.
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