The Role of Forensic Science in Interpreting Crime Scene Evidence

Title: The Role of Forensic Science in Interpreting Crime Scene Evidence: A Literature Review and Justification Introduction Forensic science plays an integral role in solving criminal cases by providing essential clues and hints that help law enforcement agencies in apprehending criminals. Previous research has indicated that forensic science, in its various applications and methods, assists in interpreting crime scene evidence and aids investigators in establishing the truth about the events that transpired (Jackson et al., 2017). This literature review aims to recapitulate and examine the available literature about the role of forensic science in interpreting crime scene evidence, highlighting its significance, the methods used, and its limitations and challenges. Literature Review Forensic sciences encompass various disciplines that are used to analyze and process crime scene evidence such as fingerprints, DNA, bloodstains, gunshot residues, drug traces, and other physical and chemical evidence (Ribaux et al., 2019). The following section summarizes various research findings detailing the applications of forensic sciences in crime scene investigation. 1. DNA Analysis: DNA analysis has become the bedrock of forensic science in identifying unknown suspects in violent crimes where biological evidence is available (Butler, 2020). The development of highly sensitive techniques like Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) have significantly amplified the ability to generate accurate DNA profiles, enabling investigators to link suspects to crime scenes and exonerate innocent individuals (Einolf, 2017). 2. Fingerprint Analysis: Fingerprint comparison is a critical technique used to link a suspect to a crime scene (Mittal et al., 2017). Enhanced imaging and processing technologies have improved fingerprint identification accuracy (Abdulsalam et al., 2016). However, there are challenges to this technique, including human error in the comparison stage and identifying latent fingerprints on certain surfaces (Mittal et al., 2017). 3. Trace Evidence Analysis: Trace evidence, such as fibers, hairs, and glass fragments, can help establish links between crime scenes, victims, and perpetrators (Lockyer, 2016). Recent studies have employed microscopy, mass spectrometry, and other techniques to identify and analyze trace evidence (Ribaux et al., 2019). However, these methods have limitations, including the need for advanced equipment and the potential for contamination (Lockyer, 2016). 4. Ballistics Analysis: Ballistics analysis involves the identification and comparison of firearms and associated ammunition components found at crime scenes (Haag, 2018). Advances in computerized imaging and 3D surface measurements have assuaged these comparisons, but they remain subjective to some extent, and require skilled firearms examiners to interpret the results (Haag, 2018). Justification for the Research Despite forensic science's significance in crime investigations, several issues and limitations must be addressed to ensure more precise and effective results. These encompass the standardization and validation of forensic analyses, overcoming cognitive bias among forensic practitioners, and addressing the technical and legal concerns that can arise in processing crime scene evidence (Mnookin et al., 2011; Stoiloff et al., 2017). Further research on this matter is justified considering the continuous advancements in technology and encroaching new forensic techniques. By expanding our understanding of forensic methodologies' capabilities and limitations, researchers and practitioners can effectively implement best practices in their roles and thus contribute to the better interpretation of crime scene evidence (Jackson et al., 2017). Conclusion In summary, forensic science remains an invaluable tool in interpreting crime scene evidence and solving criminal cases. The existing literature emphasizes the significance of forensic analyses such as DNA, fingerprint, trace evidence, and ballistics. However, challenges and ethical concerns regarding standardization and reliability necessitate further research to improve practices and overcome these limitations. The improvement of forensic science methods will lead to increased conviction rates of the guilty, exoneration of the innocent, and overall improved public confidence in the justice system.