**Seven Principles of Effective Feedback by Nico and MacFarlane-Dick**

Sure, I'd be happy to summarize the seven principles for good feedback practice as formulated by Nicol and MacFarlane-Dick (2006): 1. **Clarifying What Good Performance Is**: - This involves making sure that students have a clear understanding of the goals and criteria for good performance in their assessments. Teachers can use rubrics, exemplars, and explicit criteria to communicate standards effectively. 2. **Facilitating Self-Assessment in Learning**: - Promoting students' ability to assess their own learning helps them understand their strengths and weaknesses. Techniques such as self-reflection activities or self-evaluation checklists can aid in developing this skill. 3. **Delivering High-Quality Information to Students About Their Learning**: - Feedback should be specific, timely, and actionable. It should provide detailed information that students can use to improve their performance. This can be in the form of written comments, verbal feedback, or digital annotations. 4. **Encouraging Teacher and Peer Dialogue Around Learning**: - Creating opportunities for discussion about feedback can help to clarify misunderstandings and deepen understanding. Peer reviews, one-on-one conferences, and group discussions are effective ways to foster dialogue. 5. **Encouraging Positive Motivational Beliefs and Self-Esteem**: - Feedback should be constructive and aimed at encouraging students. It’s important to recognize effort and progress, not just the final outcome, to build confidence and motivation. 6. **Providing Opportunities to Close the Gap Between Current and Desired Performance**: - Offering chances for students to apply the feedback and improve their work is crucial. This could involve revisions, additional practice, or follow-up assignments that address specific weaknesses. 7. **Using Feedback to Inform Teaching**: - Teachers should use the insights gained from student performance and feedback to adjust their instructional strategies. Reflecting on what feedback reveals about student understanding can lead to more targeted and effective teaching. Implementing these principles can help create a more effective and supportive learning environment, where students can actively engage in their learning process and make meaningful improvements.