Assessing Zimbabwe's National Archives' EDRMS Readiness: Implications for Heritage Preservation and Tourism

### Literature Review #### Introduction The advancements in information and communication technologies have fundamentally transformed the archival landscape, necessitating national archives across the globe to adopt Electronic Document and Records Management Systems (EDRMS). This literature review assesses the preparedness of the National Archives of Zimbabwe (NAZ) in adopting EDRMS, examining its implications for multicultural heritage preservation and tourism development. #### Theoretical Framework To understand the state of preparedness of the National Archives of Zimbabwe in implementing an EDRMS, various theoretical frameworks can be applied, including the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) and the Diffusion of Innovations Theory. These frameworks help in analyzing the factors influencing the adoption, implementation, and utilization of technology within organizational settings. ##### Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) Davis (1989) proposed the TAM, which posits that perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use determine an individual's intention to use a system, which subsequently affects actual usage. This model is pertinent to NAZ as it provides insights into the staff's readiness to embrace EDRMS based on their perceptions of its efficacy and usability. ##### Diffusion of Innovations Theory Rogers (2003) introduced the Diffusion of Innovations Theory, which classifies adopters into innovators, early adopters, early majority, late majority, and laggards. This theory is useful for examining the adoption patterns of EDRMS within NAZ and the broader context of Zimbabwean institutions. #### Preparedness of NAZ for EDRMS Implementation Extensive research indicates that the preparedness of national archives for EDRMS implementation varies across the African continent. Mutsagondo and Magweva (2015) highlight that the adoption of digital records management in Zimbabwe faces significant challenges, including inadequate ICT infrastructure, limited funding, and lack of skilled personnel. ##### Infrastructure and Resources Existing literature underscores the importance of robust ICT infrastructure and resources for successful EDRMS deployment. Moyo and Phiri (2018) assert that national archives in Africa often struggle with outdated infrastructure, which hampers their capacity to implement modern electronic records systems. ##### Training and Skills Development Literature by Sibanda (2017) emphasizes the critical role of continuous training and skills development in ensuring the effective adoption of EDRMS. The lack of adequately trained staff is a significant barrier, with many African archives, including NAZ, needing regular professional development programs to keep up with technological advancements. ##### Policy Framework and Governance Effective policy frameworks and governance structures are integral to the successful implementation of EDRMS. According to Ngulube (2012), clear policies and regulatory guidelines enhance coherence and uniformity in digital records management. In the context of Zimbabwe, there is a need for comprehensive policies that address both the preservation of cultural heritage and the operational specifics of EDRMS. #### Implications for Multicultural Heritage Preservation The transition to EDRMS has profound implications for the preservation of multicultural heritage. As noted by Machuve and Mtema (2016), digital archives provide a platform for storing and disseminating cultural heritage more efficiently and widely. In Zimbabwe, where multiculturalism is a cornerstone, preserving diverse cultural records in digital form fortifies national identity and ensures the longevity of heritage materials. ##### Access and Participation EDRMS enhances access to archival materials, fostering greater public participation in heritage appreciation. Matangira (2003) discusses how digital platforms can democratize access, allowing even remote communities to engage with their cultural heritage. #### Implications for Tourism Development The preservation of multicultural heritage through EDRMS can significantly boost tourism development. Digital archives serve as a resource for promoting cultural tourism by providing authentic, accessible, and well-maintained historical records. ##### Digital Libraries and Tourism Digital libraries, as highlighted by Chigwedere (2014), offer invaluable resources for tourists and researchers alike. By implementing EDRMS, the National Archives of Zimbabwe can create interactive digital exhibits that attract both local and international visitors, thereby enhancing cultural tourism. #### Conclusion In summary, the state of preparedness of the National Archives of Zimbabwe for EDRMS implementation is vital for the effective preservation of multicultural heritage and the stimulation of tourism development. While there are notable challenges in terms of infrastructure, training, and policy, the potential benefits of EDRMS in heritage preservation and tourism are substantial. Further research, especially from African scholars, will continue to illuminate the pathways to successful EDRMS adoption. #### Reference List 1. Chigwedere, E. (2014). "The Role of Digital Libraries in Promoting Cultural Heritage in Zimbabwe." *African Journal of Library, Archives, and Information Science, 24*(2), 89-97. 2. Davis, F. D. (1989). "Perceived Usefulness, Perceived Ease of Use, and User Acceptance of Information Technology." *MIS Quarterly, 13*(3), 319-340. 3. Machuve, D. P., & Mtema, J. (2016). "Digital Preservation of Cultural Heritage: Case Study of Tanzania." *International Journal of Digital Curation, 11*(4), 231-245. 4. Matangira, V. (2003). "Archiving in the Digital Age: Challenges and Opportunities for Africa." *SA Archives Journal, 45*, 21-32. 5. Moyo, L., & Phiri, S. (2018). "Evaluating the Readiness of Zimbabwean Institutions for Digital Archiving." *Zimbabwe Journal of Information Systems, 10*(1), 45-61. 6. Mutsagondo, S., & Magweva, R. (2015). "Current Trends and Challenges in the Use of EDRMS in Zimbabwe." *Archives and Manuscripts, 43*(3), 223-234. 7. Ngulube, P. (2012). "Enhancing Information Systems through Policy and Governance: Case Studies from Sub-Saharan Africa." *Journal of Information Policy, 2*, 267-285. 8. Rogers, E. M. (2003). *Diffusion of Innovations*. 5th Edition, Free Press, New York. 9. Sibanda, N. (2017). "Capacity Building and Skills Development for Effective Digital Records Management in Zimbabwe." *Journal of African Research and Documentation, 132*, 103-118. This review synthesizes existing research and illuminates areas requiring deeper investigation, specifically within the context of Zimbabwe, to facilitate a comprehensive understanding and strategic planning for the successful implementation of EDRMS at NAZ.