1. Tenement Housing in the Shadow of Industrialization 2. The Sand Creek Massacre: A Tragic Chapter in History 3. Battle of Wounded Knee: A Broken Treaty's Final Confrontation 4. Dust Bowl Migran

Sure, let me provide brief descriptions and explanations for each of the topics you've mentioned. ### Tenement Housing Tenement housing refers to the type of multi-occupancy building that was common in urban areas in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, particularly in cities like New York. These buildings were often overcrowded and lacked proper sanitation, ventilation, and other basic amenities. They were typically inhabited by working-class families, many of whom were immigrants. ### Sand Creek Massacre The Sand Creek Massacre occurred on November 29, 1864, when a group of Colorado Territory militia attacked a peaceful village of Cheyenne and Arapaho Indians in southeastern Colorado Territory. Under the command of Colonel John Chivington, the militia killed an estimated 70-163 Native Americans, most of whom were women, children, and elderly. ### Battle of Wounded Knee The Battle of Wounded Knee took place on December 29, 1890, near Wounded Knee Creek on the Lakota Pine Ridge Indian Reservation in South Dakota. U.S. Army troops surrounded a group of Lakota Sioux and, in the ensuing confrontation, nearly 300 Lakota men, women, and children were killed. It was the last major confrontation in the American Indian Wars. ### Dust Bowl Migrants During the Dust Bowl of the 1930s, many migrant families, often referred to as "Okies" (though they came from various states, not just Oklahoma), left their homes in the Great Plains in search of better living conditions. Many of these migrants headed to California, attracted by the promise of agricultural jobs and a more stable living environment. ### Open Range System The open range system was a method of livestock management used primarily in the Western United States after the Civil War. It allowed cattle and sheep to graze freely on unfenced public land. This system relied on the availability of vast tracts of land and was often associated with the cattle drives moving livestock to railroad hubs for shipment to market. ### Homestead Act The Homestead Act of 1862 was a law passed by the U.S. Congress that provided 160 acres of public land to any adult citizen or intended citizen who paid a small fee and agreed to live on and cultivate the land for at least five years. The Act aimed to encourage Western migration and settlement. ### Impact of the Transcontinental Railroad The completion of the Transcontinental Railroad in 1869 had profound impacts on the United States, including: - Faster, safer, and cheaper transportation of goods and people across the country. - Facilitating westward expansion and the settlement of the American West. - Boosting the economy by connecting markets, resources, and labor. - Aiding the U.S. government in asserting control over Native American lands. ### Goals of Expansionists Expansionists in the 19th century United States sought to extend the nation's territory and influence. Their goals included: - Acquiring new lands for agriculture, settlement, and natural resources. - Spreading American political ideals and economic practices. - Establishing American presence and power (military, economic, and cultural) in strategic locations. - Many were motivated by a belief in Manifest Destiny. ### Manifest Destiny Manifest Destiny was the 19th-century doctrine or belief that it was the destiny and duty of the United States to expand its territory across North America, from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean. This ideology was grounded in a sense of American exceptionalism and was used to justify the removal of Native Americans, war with Mexico, and other acts of expansion.